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Coupling Coupling measures the strength of relationship one module to has to others. The lower the coupling the more independent and portable the module is. However, coupling is multidimensional as shown in Fig. 4.   Figure 4:   Coupling dimensions LIAR functions should strive for the lowest degree of coupling possible. Therefore: Size: the lower the number of variables passed the better. Pass only the variables used to the function. Coupling is not reduced simply by bundling the parameters into a data structure to be passed. On the contrary, coupling is increased because the module will become dependent on external modules to create the data structure and to define the data structure. Also, observability will be reduced. What is passed: only parameters should be communicated and control flags should be avoided. Control flags decrease the cohesiveness of the function. All decisions should be made at a higher level rather than at bottom level code. Type of connection: avoid communicating parameters via external variables or through shared data areas.

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